https://thesis.eur.nl/col/4338/ List of Publications en https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/9252/ Fri, 01 Dec 1995 00:00:01 GMT <div>Salahuddin, Ahmad</div> Flood in Bangladesh has different meaning to different people. For the farmers and villagers, in general, normal flood is a way of life. Many occupational groups earn their livelihood from the normal flooding. As far as environment is concerned, it facilitates bio-diversity and to a great extent supports poor people to have access in common property resources (CPR). https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10843/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Vargas Osorio, Luis Enrique</div> Industrial districts and their developmental features have been of the interest of many scholars. Most of the literature refers to the traditional Marshallian or Italianate district where inter-firm negotiation with co-operation is assessed within a production system characterized by a geographical and sectorial concentration of private- small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Such production systems are less likely to observe in developing countries where can play an important role in promoting and sustaining industrial districts. This academic endeavour claims that ownership structure matters for industrial district analysis. The findings suggest that under state ownership, the state tends to induce initial competitive advantages whereas under private ownership tends to emerge voluntary co-operation. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10844/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Ndhlovu, Pity Kalikuwa</div> Various factors influence people‘s choice of trading location. This paper analyses why street vendors despite the provision of formal market infrastructure still decide to trade from the streets. Theories of the informal economy were adopted to get insights into the issues of street vending. Based on survey results the study establishes that for street vendors accessibility of customers is a key consideration and they strategically locate on the streets to avoid formalisation costs such as rent, taxes and licences. Whereas for market traders selling from the formal market, a secure and clean environment is important. Therefore, policies of the informal economy should take into account the nuances and heterogeneity of the sector, in that, governments should come up with more inclusive policies that will accommodate all traders according to their practical needs and not perceived needs such as building formal market infrastructure for all. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10846/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Chávez Ramírez, Juan Francisco</div> Several reforms implemented in Peru during the ’90s aimed to create an attractive environment for private investors. Several privileges were offered to investors, and institutional restrictions regarding mining exploitation were relaxed. At the same time, the state withdrew from its developmental tasks, creating a void that the private sector started to fill. In a period of economic and political distortions, the mining sector started to bloom and expand, becoming crucial to the country’s macroeconomic performance. Its contribution to local development, however, remains contested. The predominance of a laissez-faire mining framework and an absence of mediators between firms and the population have created several liabilities that undermine the development opportunities generated by the sector. At the same time, the absence of an institutional framework supporting the local economy has limited the capacity to absorb and endogenize the spillover effects of mining. It is in the relationship between mining and local economic development that this research situates its focus of interest, trying to understand the extent to which the mining presence contributes to the emergence of local economic development processes and under which conditions. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10847/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Simamora, Jusuf Rhoni</div> Decentralisation policy in 1999 has transform Indonesia from one of the most decentralize countries in the world to one of the most decentralized countries in the world. The policy has brought many changes in the structure of governments in making decision and service deliveries. With the autonomy to make policies, the increase of transfer from central and transfer of government personnel to local employee, local actors now enjoy important roles to improve development in their region. However, the policy has not brought significant spaces for citizen to participate in making policy and exercise their control over government official. Analysing the practice of musrembang as institutional channel for citizen participation, the study finds that citizens are still excluded in decision making and informal process through personal relations and lobbies still dominance to make decision. Unclear legal frameworks of participatory method give incentive to local elites to monopolize decision making. Decentralisation also has not offer significant mechanism of downward accountability. Citizen participation in periodic elections was not able to increase government accountability and promote good leaders. In fact, elections have triggered corruption. The multiple interpretation of the law right to information, lack of spaces and capacity building to community based organisation contribute to weaken citizen overseeing role to increase local government accountability. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10840/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Issah, Abdul-Basit</div> The paper compares the following five local taxes in the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly (TaMA): Rates, Lands, Fees and Fines, Licenses and Rent. The case shows the inefficient manner of local revenue mobilization in TaMA which however is endowed with broad revenue bases. The study asserts that the functions in the local tax chain namely: definition of tax bases, tax base valuation, tax assessment, tax collection, tax enforcement, tax appeal and taxpayer education or services are not been properly conducted. The system is characterised by unprofessionalism and the use of discretion of tax administrators without following established standards. Hence the telling negative effect on utilizing the broad revenue bases. This study revealed that the revenue assignment policy of LGs in Ghana and administrative or managerial choices are the difficulties that influence local taxation negatively. It has been confirmed that the taxes in the metropolis are potentially viable and buoyant capable of meeting the cost of some local needs if properly harnessed. This gives credence to the much held opinion that metropolises unlike small districts have potentially viable taxes but that the problem has been largely with the management of these taxes. The study also confirms rates as the most viable local tax followed by fees and fines, licenses, lands and finally rent. The position of land related taxes is because of the domain of responsibility of taxation which in this case is in the office of stool lands and not TaMA. Finally, the study brings to the fore how other constraints influence efforts of TaMA in local revenue mobilization. These factors include CG regulations, expenditure assignments of LG, CG transfers and the cultural and ethnic problems in the area; the others are corruption and political patronage, inadequate capacity and logistical constraints and poor financial management expertise; the rest are transparency and accountability and poor monitoring and evaluation of local revenue mobilization strategies. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10841/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Bag, Pradyut Ranjan</div> Can seasonal migration be an alternative households’ livelihoods strategy in the semi-arid zones? This study explores the impact of seasonal migration at the household and community level. The study was undertaken in the semi-arid zone of Southwest Orissa (a state of India). Seasonal migration to the brick kilns of Andhra Pradesh (a state of India) is the type of migration this research dealing. Consistent with the livelihoods approach to migration theory, this study found that seasonal migration has overcome insufficiency caused by seasonality, and improved migrants’ access to resources. Remittances in the form of advance payment meet the credit needs and improve the credit worthiness of migrant households. Improved wellbeing at the household level creates labour demand in the source and reduces the gap between patron and client relationship. The study highlights that socio-political institutions influence the benefit of seasonal migration. While ineffective government policy minimizes the benefits of seasonal migration, the benefits of seasonal migration bring positive changes in the social institutions. In order to maximise the benefits of seasonal migration, an enabling environment need to be created through appropriate migration policy. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10842/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Gasana, Grace</div> This study investigates why some dairy farmers join cooperatives while others are reluctant to join or drop out, in spite of the perception that cooperatives help in eradicating poverty. Also, the study investigated the benefits and chal-lenges of being in the cooperatives. According to United Nations (2009) coop-eratives ―play a meaningful role in uplifting the socio-economic conditions of their members and local communities‖. Despite the much touted benefits as-sociated with the cooperatives some dairy farmers are still reluctant to join. This raises a lot of questions, for example (i) why do some farmers join?, (ii) why do other farmers refuse to join ? and (iii) are cooperatives really useful to their members?. Thus this study helps to reveal some of the reasons for and against joining the cooperatives and presents the benefits and the challenges of participating in the cooperatives. The study used the survey methods to extract primary data from the re-spondents who included dairy farmers both within and outside the coopera-tives and key government agents. It also reviewed literature about cooperatives from journals and articles from major organisations. Matimba and Isangano dairy cooperatives were used as case studies. According to the findings, farmers join cooperatives because of various reasons. Among the prominent reasons are; the need to access markets and agro-vet services and access training opportunities and the need to work with others. The study established that some farmers have not yet joined because; they could not afford membership fees and because of the poor performance of the cooperatives and lack of awareness out the cooperatives. Other key findings present benefits of the dairy cooperatives and the chal-lenges they face. For example members are able to access markets and agro- vet services and they access training opportunities. Major challenges include; irregular market, low milk prices and severe weather conditions, and lack of water shortage and lack of access to feeds, and low participation of members in some cooperative activities. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10837/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Bekele, Damenu</div> This study examines the role of irrigation in farmers’ livelihood development and the importance of linking with market in one of the selected irrigation area in Ethiopia. Irrigation agriculture is considered as one of food security programs in Ethi-opia. It helps farmers to produce more than family consumption and enable to ensure livelihood development. Though irrigation serve as means of development the prevailing situation shows that there has been the missing links in elements of irrigation development related to market, institutions and technology that need to be taken into account. The findings of this study shows that governmental intervention is needed to improve the production and marketing performance of vegetables by providing the necessary support to the small holder farmers in the study area. The linkage of irrigation development with market and livelihood development is implemented in two ways(back and forth).The forward arrow helps to see and analyse the outcomes of irrigation while the back ward linkage shows emphasiz-ing more on the negative out comes and imply the importance of acting on it in order to ensure sustainable livelihood development. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10838/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Feryawan, Dandy Yudha</div> The natural resources abundance in a region is likely would contribute to the welfare of the people. However, initial observations on some natural resourcesrich regions in Indonesia revealed a different fact: the resources-rich regions are mostly ranked in the lowest level of social welfare development indicators. This research seeks to find the evidences of natural resources curse at the local level in Indonesia. It focuses in the two channel of the curse: the economic disruption and the political economy model. To find the evidences of the economic disruption symptoms, it examines the effect of the natural resources extraction to other economic sectors and level of employment. Under the political economy model, it focuses on the utilisation of revenue from natural resources extraction and the budget priorities of LGs. When the analysis shows the evidences of the curse, the investigation continues to find the missing money from the natural resources revenue. This research’s hypothesis is that decentralization tends to push resource-curse symptoms to sub-national levels, where the cases can be because of the lack capacity of local governments to address the problems. This research finds little evidence of the curse mechanism through the economic disruption model with the small correlation between natural resources extraction to the local economy. Moreover, the analysis suggests that inspite of received huge revenue windfall from natural resources-rents, the resources- rich LGs failed to deliver better public services compare to those without. The study measures the public service provisions outcomes in human development, infrastructure quality, and poverty level. Inappropriate investment and the misuses of funds are two main causes of the money gone. There are also some initial evidences of the local leader’s behaviour in creating the patronage political system to continues to stay in power. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/10839/ Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:01 GMT <div>Díaz Salazar, Gabriela María</div> This research has been done in order to contribute to the Social Sciences from Communication for Development. Communication for Development is a participatory approach of communication as process of dialogue. It is also a response to the Western way of doing communication, since its beginnings date back from the decades of the 70s and from Latin American countries. There has been an ongoing debate amongst the practitioners of communication as mass media and the practitioners of Communication for Development. The first ones have believed that what the products that they produce are the result of communication. The latter, have claim the true meaning of doing communication and also take it as a citizens’ right. Therefore, the efforts are always prepared in the best interest of the people that the development project intends to help. Throughout the research three approaches to communication have been ana-lyzed, from the literature and from experiences, in order to assess which is the adequate to address a particular social issue: malnutrition in Totonicapán, Guatemala. Worldwide experiences have been included from the three ap-proaches; an overview of the approaches has been made based on the litera-ture. The case of Totonicapán, Guatemala has been chosen since it has been an example of a participatory project from the perspective of Communication for Development. The views and experiences from people of the area have also been included to give relevance and importance to the local knowledge of the area of interest. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13254/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Shrestha, V.</div> Micro hydropower plants, a form of Appropriate Technology, have become an important source of renewable energy for the rural poor. Electricity from these plants effect the daily life-habits of households and also foster the birth of some new enterprises. This research papers assesses, using ethnographic methodology, how electricity access changes the livelihoods assets of the rural poor. It also explores what kinds of new enterprises have been established since the plants were established. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13255/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Pangaribuan, W.</div> This research study explores two different modalities (Hybrid and Common Goods model) implemented in Poktans in two different Districts in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, in order to analyze under what conditions the Poktans achived different successful result on modality implementation. Poktans in this regard are a promising vehicle to implement development programs as well as social capital manifestation. A discussion is made highlighting that Poktans formation involve the rational action based on social capital elements. Using our data set, we firstly identify trust, norms and networks in the Poktans. Trust arises as a result of day-to-day interactions also known as existing networks, and the working relationships with others (that is LGs agencies). We further show that different Poktans arrangement impose different level of result in the modality implementation. Even with one modality implemented, different results have been seen on Poktans performances. As such, when LGs try to implement different version of modalities, they should carefully consider the institutional and social context of people in those various areas. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13211/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Nataraj, B.</div> This research paper is an attempt (as part of M.A degree) to understand the impacts of informal fast food sector in India, focusing on creating entrepreneurship opportunities for low/uneducated, unemployed and rural migrant workers, who would otherwise contribute nothing much to the local economic development. As personally experienced while having lunch at one of the roadside fast food in pushcart and hearing the entrepreneur’s story of how he engaged in this business, stimulated me to carry on the this research work, and to showcase their impacts to the mainstream academia, which can further explore this sector deep. This exploratory study result shows that even though the majority of them in this sector are survivalists but yet reveals that they are engaged in this entrepreneurial activity with the motivation to be self-employed, also with the hope that this will increase their income and improve quality of life; while not being able to find jobs in formal sector. And the growth-oriented entrepreneurs are able to create job opportunities for local as well as for urban migrant workers including women. This research paper concludes that informal fast food sector have been main sources of income for the entrepreneurs involved in the business, and this sector have provided livelihood entrepreneurship opportunities for many in developing countries as well as contributing to local economic development. However there are no proper definition informal fast food sectors, therefore this research also suggest a typological definition which helps in collecting data and has relevant policy implications. In due course of the research there were also many interesting findings have appeared, such as the challenges of these entrepreneurs, Gender distribution, sustainability issues, support system, motivational aspects, etc. these have been discussed more in the following chapters. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13213/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Damulak, F.</div> In recent literature, there have been consistent debates on how rural non-mechanized farmers can reorganize themselves in order to ensure inclusion and benefits from value chains. However, these debates do not take into account the social processes existing within the value chains, which are embedded in the cultural practices of the people. This paper therefore tends to critically examine both the social and economic processes that have contributed to the incorporation of farmers into the yam value chain and as a result, made them more effective and efficient in the process. The location for this study is in Central Nigeria with particular focus on the capitalist-oriented Pan farmers and their socio-economic production processes such as accumulation of many wives and reciprocity arrangements to improve production. These production processes are further compared to their immediate competitors the Eggon, who produce the same product within the same region but are more market oriented using wage labour. These two groups were compared based on economic and social indices to determine which of them is most efficient. Key findings showed the importance of the social labour organisation in both communities towards the production efficiency. However, it seemed also that the valcue chain governance structure at the local markets had a major role in determining the share of the revenue that was returned to the farmers. In addition, other findings, which were derived during the research, identified a number of governance issues, which go beyond labour organization. These issues were also investigated. Finally, this paper concludes with a socio-economic review with a review based on observations on the Pan farmers. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13214/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Hildebrand, F.P. von</div> This study analyses the importance of cultural dimensions in decentralization processes focusing on the transformations in state/indigenous peoples’ relations and in indigenous collective citizenship since the 1990s in the Amazonas and Vaupés Departments of the Colombian Amazon. Three case studies related to Resguardo ancestral territories in the Pira-paraná, Mirití and lower Apaporis regions were selected for their geographical contiguity, cultural diversity and high rainforest biodiversity, and where Associations of Traditional Authorities conform Indigenous Local Governments. Analyses of coloniality/modernity, power relations and spaces of participation reveal bottom-up decentralisation processes and the effect on politico-cultural dynamics and contestation, territorial ordering, public education and local development. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13215/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Simpson, G.</div> This research investigate the constraints within the tilapia value chain in Achavanya in the Dangme West District of Ghana It highlights the chain actors and the production processes within the chain and what the mode of chain organization means to the actors and the local people. The study found that poor management of the fish stock, lack of trust among the farmers, influential behaviour of the buyers as some of the major constraints in the tilapia value chain. The study also revealed six main chain actors and the production processes is labour intensive. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13216/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Bermúdez González, Marco Antonio</div> Post-development school states that socio-economic practices at the local level that do not follow a capitalist logic might be the source of a post-capitalist so-cio-economic formation. By the economic principles that it follows, it is pre-sumed that Auroville might be an archetype of a post-capitalist economy. In this paper, following the diverse economy approach, it is determined to what extent profit maximization, as the driving principle of capitalism, is partly or fully replaced by other motivations in this particular case. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13253/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Oshiro, T.</div> The aim of the research is to study how motivation effects differentiation of entrepreneurs. This research started by doubting the simplification of entrepreneurs by dividing into two or three categories: survival and growth oriented entrepreneurs as well as constrained gazelles. Adapting entrepreneurial process (Shane et al. 2003), it focused on influence of motivation of entrepreneurs over entrepreneurial process. Motivation was regarded as passion and differentiated from motives. The field research was conducted in Busia Country, Western Kenya, through interviewing 40 poultry farmers. The findings from the research were as follows. Firstly, the relationship between entrepreneurial motivation and performance of the farmers were not clear. Secondly, the motives to start poultry keeping were income generation, securing food and security reasons. Thirdly, it also successfully unveiled that motivation was obtained through CABE interventions even after having been engaged in the activity. Finally, this paper found that motives exist no matter what entrepreneurial activities they operate while entrepreneurial activities matter for motivation in a way that entrepreneurs need to see possibilities to achieve motives. This paper also argued the differences among entrepreneurs in terms of motivation. They were named as Constrained Geese, Taking-Off Survivalists, Great Survivalists, Upper Survivalists and Lower Survivalists. Each group has features but significantly Constrained Geese had new ideas on poultry production with well-arranged environment for poultry keeping and Taking-Off Survivalists were ready to go for the next step by arranging the environment for poultry keeping. Great survivalists were still interested in other activities for achieving their motives, they were aware of opportunities of poultry keeping in order to obtain their motives. It should be mentioned that these groups were simply named for convenience and there were more degrees within each stage. Following these findings above, it turned out that motivation influences differentiation of entrepreneurs by making entrepreneurs engage in the activity. The more motivated, the more committed and invested. As entrepreneurial process goes, they are more likely to be involved in activities no matter what the motives are. The perception would give a new perspective to the argument on entrepreneurs in the development. This research would contribute to the argument on entrepreneurs by casting degrees of the farmers. By acknowledging these degrees, we might be able to understand what are entrepreneurs and their features correctly thus better interventions would be implemented by following the differences among entrepreneurs. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/13252/ Fri, 14 Dec 2012 00:00:01 GMT <div>Nagai, N.</div> On 11 March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake caused a historical dam-age. People totalling 20,000 went missing and some died. Under the cata-strophic conditions, survivors started disaster tourism. This research paper in-vestigates the role of disaster tourism in the post-disaster period of the Great East Japan Earthquake. The tourism has spread widely and has been adapted to suit the changes and the problems in the disaster area to date. The analysis is based on primary data gathered from interviews and participatory observation in the tourism programmes; and secondary data from several sources, namely several media platforms, publications, books, among others. The data is sorted into input/output and set in timelines composed of the shelter stage and re-construction stage. The findings show that disaster tourism played a crucial role in smoothly connecting the shelter stage to the reconstruction stage. It gave survivors opportunities to be active agents in the reconstruction pro-grammes. Reconstruction markets gave shop owners confidence to revamp their businesses. The storytelling guide programmes gave the survivors oppor-tunities to bid farewell to their loved ones. In the reconstruction stage, there was an increase in depopulation which adversely affected the survivors started businesses. The tourists became the survivors’ sole dependable customers. Sto-rytellers attracted tourists and created platform for population exchange. This population exchange with the tourists is thought city’s marketing strategy to get sustainable donations and support. However, the tourism programmes them-selves could not have economic independence, and harmful rumours were per-sistent challenges for disaster tourism.