The!effectiveness!of!Park!&!Ride!facilities!in!reducing!negative! externalities!from!road!transportation!

Park!and!Ride!(P&R)!facilities!have!received!a!lot!of!positive,!as!well!as!negative! results!in!terms!of!reducing!negative!externalities!from!road!transportation,!depending! on! the! country! and! the! types! of! P&R’s! in! use.! This! paper! conducts! a! large! qualitative! research! on! previously! studied! effects! of! P&R! facilities! toward! societal! and! private! benefits,!as!well!as!disPbenefits,!after!which!a!framework!for!a!successful!P&R!policy!to! reduce!negative!externalities!is!discussed.!The!main!findings!show!that!P&R!facilities!are! able!to!reduce!negative!externalities,!but!only!in!certain!cases.!These!cases!are!(1)!where! the! facility!has! an!origin! function! (it! is! a! remote! facility),! (2)! it! is! connected! to! a! railP based!public!transport!system!and!(3)!the!unintended!effects!are!minimized!by!pricing! methods.!Other!types!of!P&R!were!found!to!increase!the!negative!externalities!overall,! but! contribute! to! other! policies,! such! as! user! comfort! and! cost! savings,! as! well! as! profitability.!With!these!multiple!viewpoints,!this!paper!can!be!used!as!a!benchmark!for! initiating! a! P&R! policy! that! can! successfully! reduce! negative! externalities! from! road! transportation.!