Environmental and Social Effect of the Rotterdam Low Emission Zone

Congestion and pollution in cities across Europe is an ever-increasing problem. This paper aims to explain the different TSM and TDM measures that aim to reduce congestion and pollution. Especially the effects of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ), both technical and social, will be discussed using a literature study, a case study and a survey among users of the affected roads. Results showed that the LEZ is a one-shot measure that can only be repeated in the long run. Socially a LEZ might cause social exclusion or a decline in accessibility and mobility.