Investigating causes of the persistent incidents of child sexual abuse in Indonesia Islamic boarding school (pesantren)

This thesis investigates the contributing factors of persistent Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in Indonesia by applying Goffman’s theoretical framework for total institutions. Although public attention and government interventions increase when high-profile cases go viral on social media, CSA remains a persistent issue in pesantren. This study seeks to recognize the cultural, structural, and socio-economic aspects in pesantren that can be contributing causes of CSA and influence its handling and reporting. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders such as former students (four former semi-modern and modern formal pesantren students), a pesantren representative, and two pesantren activists. A broad literature review was also conducted on CSA in various religious settings globally (Religious Institutions CSA or RICSA) and specific CSA factors in pesantren. The primary data provided direct experiences of the pesantren’s institutional dynamics. By integrating the data types, the analysis discovered common patterns in RICSA and several interconnected factors, such as religious obedience, power dynamics, authority, economic dependence, cultural silence, and insufficient reporting mechanisms. These factors contribute to a setting where CSA cases may happen and remain unreported, stressing the complexity of tackling CSA within such traditional institutions. This research provides the broader field of child protection within religious institutions by presenting insights into pesantren dynamics. It also delivers recommendations for policy developments and improved external oversight to safeguard pupils. The conclusions emphasize the significance of balancing respect for religious traditions with important reforms to safeguard children’s safety and well-being.