A Joint Optimisation of Demand Responsive Transport and Fixed Line and Schedule Bus Transport

Demand responsive transport (DRT) systems were originally used as a complement to traditional fixed line and schedule (FLS) transport. However, in some cases the cost of using DRT can be competitive, or even lower than the cost of FLS transport. This thesis researches the optimal design of public transport systems in areas that are currently served by FLS transport. The proposed method considers replacing and complementing (parts of) FLS lines with DRT. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear problem with the objective to maximise profit for the operator. The method does not assume any area characteristics such as street or transit patterns, as most other research in DRT design does, and is thus applicable to all sorts of areas. Customer choice modelling is used to evaluate customer behaviour when different travel options are offered. The method is tested on a case study in the Netherlands which proves not to be interesting for DRT in the current circumstances. However, aspects like outsourcing or subsidising DRT could change that outcome. Two of the main advantages of the model are that it is very easy to personalise to the characteristics of an area and that the model works for all kinds of areas. A disadvantage of our implementation of the model is that several assumptions are required. We show how this disadvantage can be removed or alleviated.